![]() ![]() This articulation is usually indicated by a dot placed above or below notes. This articulation is indicated by a curved slur marking.Įxample 4: Another way to indicate smooth, connected playing is with tenuto markings, which look like a small line above or below notes.Įxample 5: Staccato means to play or sing notes more separated, leaving space between notes. You will want to consult with a private teacher or ensemble director for help with applying different articulations to your instrument or voice.Įxample 3: Legato means to play or sing smoothly or connected. Percussion instruments, plucked strings, bowed strings, winds, brass, and voices all have different methods of carrying out particular attacks and articulations. Several articulations are demonstrated in Examples 3–7. The term articulation refers to the connection or separation between notes and to the accent level at the beginning of a note (its attack). ![]() A crescendo and decrescendo (“hairpins”). The term “hairpin” refers to the following symbols, which roughly approximate the shape of a bobby pin (or “hairpin”), as seen in Example 2. Crescendos and decrescendos are indicated two different ways: either by writing out the abbreviation cresc. or decresc., possibly followed by dots, or by drawing hairpins. Crescendo ( cresc.) means to get louder, while decrescendo ( decresc.) and diminuendo ( dim.) both mean to get quieter. There are three other Italian words that are commonly used to indicate a change in dynamic level. However, you might one day spot a pppppp or an ffffff in music that you play or sing! Some composers add even more “ -issimo“s, but this is rare. Dynamics are arranged from quietest to loudest.ĭynamics are often abbreviated in Western musical notation, as shown below. The Italian suffix - issimo means “very” or “extremely.” Musicians say pianissimo to mean “very quiet” and fortissimo to mean “very loud.” This suffix can be stacked for example, one can say pianississimo to mean “very, very quietly,” or fortississimo to mean “very, very loudly.” Example 1. The Italian word mezzo means “moderately.” Musicians say mezzo forte to mean moderately loud and mezzo piano to mean moderately quiet. Several Italian words and suffixes can modify piano and forte to create a range of dynamics from very quiet to very loud ( Example 1). In sheet music, these words are written either above or below the staff. The dynamic marking forte means loud, while piano means quiet. In Western musical notation, we often use italicized Italian words, which can be abbreviated, to describe dynamics. Dynamicsĭynamics indicate the loudness of music. These elements include dynamics, articulations, tempi, stylistic periods, and structural markers. In this chapter we will explore other elements of music besides pitch (discussed in previous chapters) and duration (discussed in following chapters). Structural features divide up a work or movement into smaller sections.Works within these historical periods tend to share similar style characteristics. Musicians periodize music into historical eras, which are useful to memorize.A tempo indication tells a musician how fast or slow to play or sing a composition.The term articulation refers to the connection or separation between notes, as well as the accent level at the beginning of a note (its attack).A crescendo indicates an increase in loudness, while a decrescendo or diminuendo indicates a decrease in loudness.Musicians use a variety of Italian words to specify dynamics in Western musical notation. Dynamics indicate the loudness of music.
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